Seminar Papers
Brett Foster (a postdoctoral research fellow at Stanford University, told FoxNews.com) and colleagues studied about the activating area of the brain, when doing a cognitive task. The brain region they studied, were angular gyrus and the posterior cingulate cortex, which comprise default mode network (which the Stanford researchers call). It is difficult to study the space by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans. Therefore, the researchers used intracranial electrophysiology to study.
The researchers recruited three patients. The patients have frequent epileptic seizures, and they are required to record their brain activity. Also the location of recording was default mode network. Researchers asked them some questions of personal and non-personal.
The result of the brain activation order was, the vision centers, the angular gyrus and posterior cingulate cortex, the decision centers of the brans, and the motor area. From this result, the authors said that the network they found, could be interesting to investigate some other research.
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Brain-Wide Association Analysis(BWAS) is the method developed by researchers at the University of Warwick. It shows panoramic views of the brain, and it can help researchers to study with 3D model. By using BWAS, we can compare all the connectivity between whole brain voxels. Using BWAS method and fMRI data, the researchers analyzed autistic and non-autistic brain. They checked the part of the voxel in the autistic brain, whether it shows stronger or weaker than the non-autistic brain. For the result, they found some key systems. One is the temporal lobe visual cortex with reduced cortical functional connectivity, and the other one is related to reduced cortical functional connectivity.
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http://www.science20.com/news_articles/autistic_and_nonautistic_brain_differences_isolated-154156
By scanning people’s brain when they make decisions, scientist discovered that stress or emotion involved in in brain can cause thinking pattern change. In calm state, frontal lobes of our brains guide slow, rational thinking; “cold cognition”. On the other hand, people get stress or anger, even love, impulsive “hot cognition” decisions are made by the emotionally-driven limbic system and amygdala, which hijacks information before it’s processed the more logical frontal lobes.
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http://blogs.wsj.com/experts/2015/03/23/the-neuroscience-behind-hot-headed-emails/
There are two theories of consciousness: focal and global. Focal theories argue that there are specific areas of the brain for generating consciousness. However global theories contend that there are large-scale brain changes in activity. To adjudicate between those theories, the research used graph theory analysis.
In this research, researchers recruited 24 members of the university community for a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment. They checked the participant’s respond of the trials and their confidence of the answer. The trials was treated as “aware” and “unaware”.
From the research, ’no one area or network of areas of the brain stood out as particularly more connected during awareness of the target; the whole brain appeared to become functionally more connected following reports of awareness'.
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We can use brain scans to many ways. It could be used for neuromarketing, checking the location of the brain function, and so on. In this article, they are focused on the neuromarketing. For an example, they talked about the beverage Coca-Cola and Pepsi. There are no explanation about how the advertising campaigns changes the perception of the drink of people. However, we can find that the brain region of memory and the hippocampus activate in case of the Coca-Cola, when the subjects know what they were drinking.
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Nina Kraus at Northwestern university and her colleagues showed connection between music and education in her research. She said it is because of overlap between neural circuits dedicated to speech and music, and the distributed network of cognitive, sersorimotor, and reward circuits engaged during music making.
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Neuroplasticity, in the article, is the brain to change its structure and how it works in response to mental activity and experience. The article shows the research about the neuroplasticity, that brain can overcome the pain and untreatable illnesses. One of the instance is the patients, who suffered from chronic pain. The patient treated some visualization exercises for brain overpower, and the pain disappeared.
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There are a limitations of the small sample size. Also identifying treatment effect from the single area in the brain can be excessively small.
However researchers found that functional MRI (fMRI) detected responses of naproxen sodium from patients with hand osteoarthritis.
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A recent research, published earlier this month in the Journal of neuroscience started to determine people with high and low dream lucidity were different in their metacognitive ability, that is, the ability to reflect on, and report, one’s mental states.
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http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/illusion-chasers/2015/01/31/lucid-dreams/
Researchers at Princeton start to make a tool that can show what people’s brains are doing in real time, and signal the moments when people’s minds begin to wander.
This is expected to change the way thinking about paying attention and even present new ways of treating illnesses.
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http://www.nextgov.com/health/2015/02/new-brain-decoder-could-boost-neuroscience-research/105003/